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Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1994
Opening February 10, 2002, P.S.1 Contemporary Art Center presents The Short Century:
Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1994, a landmark exhibition exploring
African culture through art, film, photography, graphics, architecture, music, literature, and theater.
Featuring works by fifty-three artists from twenty-two countries, the exhibition will occupy the entire
three floors of galleries at P.S.1. Curated by Okwui Enwezor for the Museum Villa Stuck, Munich,
The Short Century is the first major survey to examine this dynamic and politically-charged era in
African art and history, and how liberation movements and art have been bound together in the forging
of new cultural identities. The Short Century presents a cultural context in which the intense politics
of African freedom movements are displayed: from the initial struggles for independence following the
Second World War, to the collapse of apartheid in South Africa and the establishment of democratic
governments in the nations of Africa. An opening reception will be held at P.S.1 on February 10,
12pm-6pm.
"I am very pleased that we are able to present The Short Century at P.S.1.," states Glenn D. Lowry,
Director, The Museum of Modern Art, "and I am deeply grateful to the International Council of The
Museum of Modern Art for their support of this initiative. The Short Century is an extremely important
exhibition that examines in detail the complex relationship between African Liberation movements
and the creation of new visual languages to express the powerful intellectual and cultural forces
associated with these movements."
On the occasion of The Short Century, P.S.1, The Museum of Modern Art, The Studio Museum
in Harlem, and NYU's Intitute of African American Affairs and Africana Studies Program have
joined in an effort to engage a broad scope of audiences in the issues addressed by the exhibition.
The programming includes film screenings, lectures, performances, dialogues, and panel discussions
featuring artists, art historians, curators, and academics that will take place at each of the
institutions. The Museum of Modern Art presents The Short Century Film Program, a series of
nine films by major African directors organized by Laurence Kardish, Senior Curator, Department of
Film and Media, The Museum of Modern Art, in association with Okwui Enwezor and Mark Nash. Jay
Levensen, Director, International Council, Astrid Persans, Programs Associate, and Amy Horshak,
Museum Educator at The Museum of Modern Art has also organized the African Museum
Professionals Workshop, an important initiative that will provide fifteen curators and educators from
sub-Saharan Africa an opportunity to experience institutional practices in New York, while
establishing relationships with museums and galleries in New York City, Washington D.C., and Los
Angeles. P.S.1's Education Program has developed a series of programs specifically for the New
York presentation of the exhibition, including artist-led tours and workshops for students and
teachers, interactive projects, special performances, and family guides that connect the issues in
The Short Century to local concerns. The Studio Museum in Harlem presents two exhibitions and
lectures in conjunction with The Short Century, including Yinka Shonibare and Africaine: Candice
Breitz, Wangechi Mutu, Tracey Rose and Fatimah Tuggar. P.S.1, The Museum of Modern Art,
and The Africana Studies Program at New York University have organized a lecture by the prominent
African novelist Chinua Achebe.
The crucial dates of 1945 to 1994 relate to the events that mark the beginning and end of Africa's
struggle for independence. In 1945, the 5th Pan-African Congress gathered in Manchester, England,
to intensify its demand for immediate self-rule. The Short Century focuses on key historical events
taking place after this radical proclamation such as the articulation of the principles of the right to
self-determination; the Negritude Movement; Pan-Africanism; Pan-Arabism and the rise of Arab
Nationalism; the Algerian, Mozambican, and Angolan wars of independence; and the liberation
movement in South Africa. The exhibition concludes with the creation of a post-apartheid constitution
in South Africa, marked by Nelson Mandela's election as president in April 1994.
Conceived by Enwezor, The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa,
1945-1994 is a contemporary biography of Africa in the post-war period. Enwezor and his curatorial
team of Mark Nash, Co-Curator, Film; Rory Bester, Associate Curator; Lauri Firstenberg, Associate
Curator; and Chika Okeke, Associate Curator, investigated a variety of sources to document
European domination from 1885-1945, the development of political and cultural consciousness from
the mid-1940s through the 1950s, the decade of independence from 1960-1970, and liberation
movements in African nations.
Exhibition Contents
The Short Century is divided into seven distinct subject areas: modern and contemporary
art, film, photography, graphics, architecture/space, music/recorded sound, and literature
and theater, all linked to an historical framework. The exhibition shows the history of
African independence-and the resulting postcolonial questions of identity, ethnicity,
nationality, diaspora, and citizenship as an ongoing narrative told from the vantage point
of Africa.
Modern and Contemporary Art
This section examines how artists responded to political change through the idiom of African
modernism. While some African artists adopted European styles to depict African subject matter,
others embraced revolutionary ideals. Included in this section are examples of 'nativist' art from
Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Zaire and Uganda, suggesting a complex socio-cultural experience that
problematizes assumptions about art in twentieth-century Africa.
Film
In this section, film is examined as both a medium for documenting political activity and a creative art
form. Footage of political leaders such as Gamal Abdel Nasser, Patrice Lumumba, and Jomo
Kenyatta, as well as French newsreels from the years following independence, represent how
instrumental film (and video) can be in dramatizing our relationship to the image and to political
events. This category also includes films by Africans and foreigners that document liberation
struggles, such as Raoul Peck's Lumumba as well as films intended for entertainment.
In addition to the films and videos exhibited at P.S.1, The Museum of Modern Art's Department of
Film and Media has organized The Short Century Film Program, which includes works by
Ousmane Sembène, Djibril Diop Mambety, Abderrahmane Siswill, and others, Friday evenings in the
Roy and Niuta Titus Theater. Laurence Kardish, Senior Curator, Department of Film and Media, The
Museum of Modern Art states, "The Museum of Modern Art is pleased to be able to participate in
The Short Century with the presentation of significant African films that not only use colonialism, its
ravages,
and reactions as subject, but illustrate the strength and vibrancy of national cinemas emerging from
independence." The film exhibitions for The Short Century are organized by Laurence Karsdish, in
association with Okwui Enwezor and Mark Nash. Please see the attached schedule for more
information about MoMA's film progam.
Photography
Photography is used in various forms in the exhibition, ranging from documentary and
photojournalism to commissioned studio portraits and art photography. Images from publications
including Drum, Paris Match, Nigerian Morning Post, and West African Pilot are represented as well
as photographic portraiture of key political figures, and archival shots of demonstrations and other
events. Commissioned portraits taken in studios in Bamako, Dakar, Lagos, Accra, and other
locations from the late 1940s through the 1950s are also on view.
Graphics
This section brings together primary source materials including historical maps that illustrate the
shifting borders of the continent, commemorative textiles, printed media such as European
magazines, oppositional African publications, and political posters.
Architecture/Space
Colonial expansion led to legislation and regulation that restricted Africans' access to certain spaces
and land rights. As national identities emerged, both African and non-African architects drew
attention to the uniqueness of the African context by either modifying traditional aesthetics or
departing from Western assumptions in planning. Through photographs, architectural models,
drawings, and plans, this section also examines the role architecture has played in these countries'
ideological and political programs through public work projects, zoning, and plans for new cities.
Music/Recorded Sound
Through audio recordings, album covers, photographs, performance posters, and sheet music, this
section examines the social, cultural, and political uses of music-from highlife, juju, mbaqanga, and
marabi to jazz, blues, and township jive-and presents the work of African composers who adopted
the formal structures of European compositional technique.
Nations represented in The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa,
1945-1994 are Algeria, Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt,
Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Mali, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa,
Sudan, Tunisia, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.
P.S.1's Department of Education is planning a wide range of events to be held in conjunction with
The Short Century. While The Short Century explores the continent-wide effort to recover and reinvent
African cultural identity in the postcolonial period, history, colonial power, language, and the creation
and development of cultural traditions remain issues that inflect the lives of Africans,
African-Americans, Europeans, and Asians who call New York a home. Through discussions on the
Internet, interactive projects, and artist-led workshops for teachers and students, the education
program will connect the exhibition to concerns and issues that are relevant to local New York
communities and will enable communities to further their collective cultural memory of Africa and of
colonization as it is experienced in New York. A schedule of films, panel discussions, and other
events related to The Short Century is enclosed.
P.S.1's "Contemporary Artists Respond" features visual artists, musicians, and writers as they
respond to the relevance of the exhibition in their work and in contemporary New York City in a series
of presentations and performances. "Contemporary Artists Respond" will be held at P.S.1 at 3pm,
Saturdays on February 23, March 16, April 6, April 16, April 27, 2002.
Catalogue
The exhibition is accompanied by an extensive 400-page illustrated catalogue which combines recent
critical essays with primary source materials, including seminal speeches, manifestos, and charters;
influential song lyrics; reprints of historic journal articles; and outside commentaries such as
Jean-Paul Sartre's Black Orpheus. The catalogue also includes a chronology of the continent that
incorporates historic events, publication dates of important literary and artistic works, as well as
detailed biographical sketches of cultural figures.
***
Okvui Enwezor, the Nigerian art historian and scholar, is one of the foremost authorities on
contemporary African art and culture, and is Artistic Director for Documenta XI in Kassel, Germany.
He is the founder of NKA: Journal of Contemporary African Art, and organized Trade Routes: History
and Geography, for the Second Johannesburg Biennale in 1997, which exhibited works by 160 artists
from 63 countries. In 1996, he co-curated In/Sight: African Photographers, 1940 to the Present at the
Guggenheim Museum in New York. His selection of works for The Short Century reveals the
significance of African culture in a global context, and captures the anger, frustration, and ultimately
the joy of Africa's struggle for freedom. Enwezor's unique viewpoint clarifies the importance of African
art and culture as we move into the next century, and reveals the questions that continue to haunt
post-colonial Africa.
The Short Century began its international tour at the Museum Villa Stuck, then traveled to
the House of World Cultures in the Martin-Gropius-Bau in Berlin. It arrives at P.S.1
following its presentation at the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago.
The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1994. An exhibition
organized by the Museum Villa Stuck, Munich. Curator: Okwui Enwezor.
This exhibition is made possible by The International Council of The Museum of Modern Art, the John
S. and James L. Knight Foundation, The Friends of Education of The Museum of Modern Art, the
National Endowment for the Arts, Jo Carole and Ronald S. Lauder, Agnes Gund and Daniel Shapiro,
and The Rockefeller Foundation. Special thanks to the Museum of Contemporary Art, Chicago, New
York University, The Studio Museum in Harlem, and the National Museum for African Art,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
To contact the P.S.1 Press Office, please contact Carolyn Bane at press@ps1.org
Image: Zarina Bhimji, Untitled, 2000, collection of the artist
P.S.1
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